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<p>PC World. Archived from the original PDF on 11 June  Retrieved 24 May  International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 22 September  OASIS foundation. Wheeler 21 July  Retrieved 12 September  Interoperability Specifications Pledge.</p>
<p>IBM Corp. Archived from the original on 20 June  Retrieved 11 January  ODF Alliance. Archived from the original on 3 April  The H Open. Archived from the original on 24 September  IDA Report  June  Wikimedia Foundation.</p>
<p>Retrieved 31 December  CNET News. Ryan 1 May  Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. SSRN  Archived from the original on 21 May  Retrieved 11 May  Archived from the original on 26 March  Retrieved 21 November  Retrieved 14 July  Retrieved 28 November  Retrieved 15 June  Archived from the original on 2 April  Retrieved 1 May  Retrieved 15 October  Retrieved 19 December  National Development Council Taiwan.</p>
<p>Franklin Weng. Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 22 January  Retrieved 23 October  Multi-purpose office document file formats. ISO standards by standard number. Timeline of StarOffice-descended software. Category Commons. IEC standards. International Electrotechnical Commission.</p>
<p>Document markup languages. List of document markup languages. Authority control: National libraries Germany. Since the code was first published on the Internet, thousands of individuals and organizations have downloaded it and made hundreds of contributions to the software.</p>
<p>Retrieved 25 March  Retrieved 22 July  Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on 24 September  Retrieved 13 May  Philosophy of the GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 23 July  As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free software activists have to work even more to bring the issue of freedom to those new users' attention.</p>
<p>We have to say, 'It's free software and it gives you freedom! Every time you say 'free software' rather than 'open source,' you help our campaign. Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary software for some practical advantage Countless companies seek to offer such temptation, and why would users decline? Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, for its own sake. It is up to us to spread this idea—and in order to do that, we have to talk about freedom.</p>
<p>A certain amount of the 'keep quiet' approach to business can be useful for the community, but we must have plenty of freedom talk too. Under the pressure of the movie and record companies, software for individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. Their idea is that by publishing the source code of programs designed to restrict your access to encrypted media, and allowing others to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for restricting users like you.</p>
<p>Then it will be delivered to you in devices that do not allow you to change it. This software might be 'open source,' and use the open source development model; but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of the users that actually run it. If the open source development model succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting you, that will make it even worse. Pham, Verint Systems Inc. Weinstein and Jamie L. June  BBC News. Retrieved 15 August  Karl Michael  Best Practices for commercial use of open source software.</p>
<p>Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. Retrieved 19 September  In Robert A. Gehring, Bernd Lutterbeck ed. Berlin: Technical University of Berlin. Retrieved 11 February  Maastricht: International Institute of Infonomics.</p>
<p>Chief Information Officer. Information Systems Journal. Harvard Business Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. PMC  PMID  Rochester, NY.</p>
<p>Harvard Management Update : 8—9. Java Genetic Algorithms Package. Archived from the original on 25 December  Archived from the original on 17 July  Retrieved 2 May  Bleris  Info System Journal. Smashing Magazine. IBM developerworks. Open Source Software Institute. Open Source for America. Archived from the original on 1 December  Proprietary Software".</p>
<p>PCWorld Business Center. Archived from the original on 22 June  Retrieved 9 October  IBM Systems Journal, 44 2 , — Retrieved 23 May  Retrieved 30 March  Duke University press — Durham and London. GNU Project. Retrieved 23 August  Archived from the original on 6 February  The decision to approve was informed by the overwhelming though not unanimous consensus from the open source community that these licenses satisfied the 10 criteria of the Open Source definition, and should, therefore, be approved.</p>
<p>The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January  Computer Weekly. Retrieved 6 December  However, not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals of the free software movement. In , a part of the free software community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of 'open source. Retrieved 29 July  The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Free software.</p>
<p>Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Open Source. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Use the Source. Scholia has a topic profile for Open-source software. Software distribution. Abandonware End-of-life Long-term support Software maintenance Software maintainer Software publisher.</p>
<p>Digital rights management Software protection dongle Hardware restrictions License manager Product activation Product key Software copyright Software patent Torrent poisoning.</p>
<p>Free and open-source software. Alternative terms for free software Comparison of open-source and closed-source software Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities Free software Free software project directories Gratis versus libre Long-term support Open-source software Open-source software development Outline Timeline. Free software movement History Open-source-software movement Events. Portal Category. Intellectual property activism.</p>
<p>Artificial scarcity Copyright infringement Copyright troll Digital rights management Gripe site Legal aspects of file sharing Mashup digital music novel videos Monopolies of knowledge Music piracy Orphan works Patents biological software software patent debate trolling Public domain.</p>
<p>All rights reversed Alternative compensation system Anti-copyright notice Business models for open-source software Copyleft Commercial use of copyleft works Commons-based peer production Electronic sell-through Free content Free-software license Libertarian positions Open content Open-design movement Open music model Open patent Open source hardware software Prizes instead of patents contests Share-alike Video on demand.</p>
<p>Access to Knowledge movement Anti-copyright Cultural environmentalism Free-culture movement Free software movement. Copyright Alliance. Open-source movements. Peer-to-peer banking Peer-to-peer carsharing Peer-to-peer lending Peer-to-peer ridesharing. Collaborative writing Democratic media Open publishing Participatory media Peer review. Open education Educational resources University Admissions Open-door academic policy.</p>
<p>Citizen media Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism Open-source journalism. Gift economy Open innovation Open patent Open standard Sharing economy. With an experience of nearly two decades on the market, more than 6 million satisfied users with two-thirds of companies listed on the Fortune list use our software to view MPP files.</p>
<p>For any questions about installing or troubleshooting with Seavus Project Viewer, our experienced support team is dedicated to providing the highest quality support and assistance. Since most of our users need to open very large. There might have been a big lost because of the poor productivity if we reduce the number of MS Project licenses to purchase. But thanks to Seavus Project Viewer, we could reduce the license cost and improve productivity at the.</p>
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<p>The Task Update Add-in allows users to update the status of their assigned project tasks. On the other end, it also allows Project Managers to get real-time updates on each team member's tasks status.</p>
<p>It is a unique feature that greatly improves project communication in the enterprise. Manage all your project plans directly from SharePoint hosted in-house, or collaborate with team members using SharePoint in the cloud SharePoint Online , included in Office suite.</p>
<p>With OneDrive integration team members can also access the updated version of your MPP project files. Project and Program Managers often have to open two different Microsoft Project files and compare.</p>
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<p>Garbage collection addresses the problem of memory leaks by freeing the programmer of responsibility for releasing memory that is no longer needed in most cases. Code that retains references to objects longer than is required can still experience higher memory usage than necessary, however once the final reference to an object is released the memory is available for garbage collection.</p>
<p>A range of standard exceptions are available to programmers. Methods in standard libraries regularly throw system exceptions in some circumstances and the range of exceptions thrown is normally documented. Custom exception classes can be defined for classes allowing specific handling to be put in place for particular circumstances as needed.</p>
<p>Checked exceptions are not present in C in contrast to Java. This has been a conscious decision based on the issues of scalability and versionability. This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complications and to simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI.</p>
<p>When implementing multiple interfaces that contain a method with the same name and taking parameters of the same type in the same order i. However, unlike Java, C supports operator overloading. C has the ability to utilize LINQ through the.</p>
<p>NET Framework. Using LINQ in C brings advantages like Intellisense support, strong filtering capabilities, type safety with compile error checking ability, and consistency for querying data over a variety of sources. Though primarily an imperative language, C 2. C has a unified type system. A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are subclasses of the System. Object class.</p>
<p>For example, every type inherits a ToString method. CTS separates data types into two categories: [79]. Instances of value types neither have referential identity nor referential comparison semantics. Equality and inequality comparisons for value types compare the actual data values within the instances, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded. Value types are derived from System. ValueType , always have a default value, and can always be created and copied.</p>
<p>Some other limitations on value types are that they cannot derive from each other but can implement interfaces and cannot have an explicit default parameterless constructor. Examples of value types are all primitive types, such as int a signed bit integer , float a bit IEEE floating-point number , char a bit Unicode code unit , and System.</p>
<p>DateTime identifies a specific point in time with nanosecond precision. Other examples are enum enumerations and struct user defined structures. In contrast, reference types have the notion of referential identity, meaning that each instance of a reference type is inherently distinct from every other instance, even if the data within both instances is the same.</p>
<p>This is reflected in default equality and inequality comparisons for reference types, which test for referential rather than structural equality, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded such as the case for System. Some operations are not always possible, such as creating an instance of a reference type, copying an existing instance, or performing a value comparison on two existing instances. Though specific reference types can provide such services by exposing a public constructor or implementing a corresponding interface such as ICloneable or IComparable.</p>
<p>Examples of reference types are object the ultimate base class for all other C classes , System. String a string of Unicode characters , and System. Array a base class for all C arrays. Boxing is the operation of converting a value-type object into a value of a corresponding reference type. Unboxing is the operation of converting a value of a reference type previously boxed into a value of a value type. A boxed object of type T can only be unboxed to a T or a nullable T.</p>
<p>The C specification details a minimum set of types and class libraries that the compiler expects to have available. In addition to the standard CLI specifications, there are many commercial and community class libraries that build on top of the.</p>
<p>NET framework libraries to provide additional functionality. C can make calls to any library included in the List of. NET libraries and frameworks. The following is a very simple C program, a version of the classic " Hello world " example using the top-level statements feature introduced in C 9: [82].</p>
<p>For code written as C 8 or lower, the entry point logic of a program must be written in a Main method inside a type:. The above line imports all types in the System namespace.</p>
<p>For example, the Console class used later in the source code is defined in the System namespace, meaning it can be used without supplying the full name of the type which includes the namespace. Above is a class definition for the Program class.</p>
<p>Everything that follows between the pair of braces describes that class. The curly brackets demarcate the boundaries of a code block. In this first instance, they are marking the start and end of the Program class.</p>
<p>This declares the class member method where the program begins execution. NET runtime calls the Main method. Unlike in Java , the Main method does not need the public keyword, which tells the compiler that the method can be called from anywhere by any class. The static keyword makes the method accessible without an instance of Program. Each console application's Main entry point must be declared static otherwise the program would require an instance of Program , but any instance would require a program.</p>
<p>To avoid that irresolvable circular dependency , C compilers processing console applications like that above report an error if there is no static Main method. The void keyword declares that Main has no return value. This line writes the output. Console is a static class in the System namespace. It provides an interface to the standard input, output, and error streams for console applications.</p>
<p>The program calls the Console method WriteLine , which displays on the console a line with the argument, the string "Hello, world! This example is similar to the previous example, except that it generates a dialog box that contains the message "Hello, World! Another useful library is the System. Drawing library, which is used to programmatically draw images. For example:. This process usually takes 6—9 months. Microsoft initially agreed not to sue open-source developers for violating patents in non-profit projects for the part of the framework that is covered by the OSP.</p>
<p>NET or Novell's implementation of. A decade later, Microsoft began developing free, open-source, and cross-platform tooling for C , namely Visual Studio Code ,. NET Core , and Roslyn. Mono joined Microsoft as a project of Xamarin , a Microsoft subsidiary. Microsoft is leading the development of the open-source reference C compilers and set of tools. It is thus enabling developers to create refactoring and diagnostics tools. NET Framework closed-source, Windows-only and.</p>
<p>NET Core open-source, cross-platform ; they eventually converged into one open-source implementation:. NET 5. NET Framework 4. Other C compilers some of which include an implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure and. NET class libraries :. Share as an image, video, or GIF Send media directly to popular apps, platforms, and cloud drives.</p>
<p>Instantly share or save your images and videos. Microsoft Powerpoint. Microsoft Word. Microsoft Excel. Microsoft Outlook. Google Drive. TechSmith Screencast. TechSmith Camtasia. TechSmith Knowmia. File Explorer. Simple, but full of features. All-in-One Capture Capture your entire desktop, a region, a window, or a scrolling screen.</p>
<p>Panoramic Scrolling Capture Take a full-page, scrolling screenshot. Grab Text Extract the text from a screen capture or file and quickly paste it into another document for edits. Cloud Library Find, open, and edit captures fluidly as you move between computers Windows or Mac , when they are synced via the cloud provider of your choice.</p>
<p>Record Camera Record your screen or camera — or record them both at the same time with picture-in-picture to add a personal touch with teammates or clients, no matter where they are. Animated GIFs Turn any short recording. Trim Video Clips Remove any unwanted sections from your screen recordings. Annotations Annotate screen grabs with professional markup tools.</p>
<p>Step Tool Document steps and workflows with a few clicks. It's as easy as A-B-C or  Smart Move Automatically make objects in your screen captures movable. Text Replace Snagit recognizes the text in your screenshots for quick editing. Microsoft Project is the last to support Windows 7 and Windows 8. Microsoft Project runs only on Windows 10 , and it contains features carried over from Office  New features include ability to link tasks using a drop-down menu, Task Summary Name field, timeline bar labels and task progress, accessibility improvements.</p>
<p>Versions for Windows were released in v1. The project creates budgets based on assignment work and resource rates. As resources are assigned to tasks and assignment work estimated, the program calculates the cost, equal to the work times the rate, which rolls up to the task level and then to any summary tasks and finally to the project level.</p>
<p>Resource definitions people, equipment and materials can be shared between projects using a shared resource pool. Each resource can have its own calendar, which defines what days and shifts a resource is available. Resource rates are used to calculate resource assignment costs which are rolled up and summarized at the resource level.</p>
<p>Each resource can be assigned to multiple tasks in multiple plans and each task can be assigned multiple resources, and the application schedules task work based on the resource availability as defined in the resource calendars. All resources can be defined in label without limit. Therefore, it cannot determine how many finished products can be produced with a given amount of raw materials.</p>
<p>This makes Microsoft Project unsuitable for solving problems of available materials constrained production. Additional software is necessary to manage a complex facility that produces physical goods. The application creates critical path schedules, and critical chain and event chain methodology third-party add-ons also are available.</p>
<p>Schedules can be resource leveled , and chains are visualized in a Gantt chart. Additionally, Microsoft Project can recognize different classes of users. These different classes of users can have differing access levels to projects, views, and other data.</p>
<p>Custom objects such as calendars, views, tables, filters, and fields are stored in an enterprise global which is shared by all users. The project is available in two editions, Standard and Professional; both editions are available either as 32 or 64bit options.</p>
<p>The Professional edition includes all the features of the Standard version, plus more features like team collaboration tools and the ability to connect to Microsoft Project Server.</p>
<p>Microsoft Project includes the Fluent user interface known as the Ribbon. What's new in Project includes new Reports section, better integration with other Microsoft products, and appearance of user interface items: [10]. Project adds a new Reports section, backwards-compatibility with Project Server , better integration with other Microsoft products, and improved appearance of user interface items:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.</p>
<p>Retrieved 12 December  Retrieved 3 November  Retrieved 13 March  Archived from the original on 1 October  Retrieved 24 August  ISO Press Releases. Archived from the original on 19 May  CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 18 April  Retrieved 1 November  An Antic Disposition.</p>
<p>Archived from the original on 23 December  Retrieved 31 October  Retrieved 6 February  Retrieved 15 February  Retrieved 10 September  The Register. Retrieved 18 April  Retrieved 13 October  Retrieved 16 January  Public Software CIC.</p>
<p>Retrieved 14 October  AbiWord Wiki. AbiSource community. Retrieved 3 March  Retrieved 19 May  Calligra Suite. Retrieved 23 February  For cross-platform use, the suite not only supports the Open Document Format ODF but also all newer Microsoft formats, which makes interaction with other office suites easier. Retrieved 3 May  The Gnumeric Manual, version 1.</p>
<p>Retrieved 1 February  MSDN Blogs. Archived from the original on 10 July  Archived from the original on 13 May  Retrieved 31 January  Microsoft Corporation.</p>
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With Office , Microsoft has changed the way Volume Licensing customers can download and install all Office suites and individual applications. Compare the on-premises and cloud-based versions of Microsoft Project. Learn more about Microsoft Project and find the right plan for you and your budget. Find answers to commonly asked questions about Microsoft Project. Project Online desktop client, Project Professional, and Project Standard.
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<p>Check out our SQL Server licensing guide to find out the features that would benefit you and how to license. Take a deeper dive into SQL licensing with a licensing expert from our team in our Video Meetup below.</p>
<p>You receive an authorization and agreement number to register on the Volume Licensing Service Center. We provide installation support free with all purchases. Just reach out if you need help, we're here! The license key worked perfectly when I updated the evaluation license with the standard.</p>
<p>Trusted Tech Team is dedicated to being a reliable resource for all software and technology support needs. Our relationship to the Microsoft Partner Network allows us to provide competitive pricing and authentic software and support, all with a much-needed human element. TTT delivers unbeatable customer service, with experts in licensing and high-level technicians always on-call to answer your tech issues in-depth. Hate waiting? So do we. Our Account Managers and Distribution Team fulfills orders quickly and efficiently, giving our customers digital downloads in record time so they can move on to their next big project.</p>
<p>We go above and beyond the average software reseller because we built our business on trust. After all, we tech things seriously. Item added to your cart. Check out Continue shopping. Add to cart. Couldn't load pickup availability Refresh. Asymmetric numeral systems is widely used family of method in data compression, whose author gave it to public domain - wanting to be unrestricted by the patent system, also successfully defending from patent by Google.</p>
<p>In , the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang. Microsoft is reported as being supplied by three Chinese factories employing Uyghur and Xinjiang workers. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Overview of the criticism of Microsoft. Further information: Software patents and free software. Main article: Bundling of Microsoft Windows.</p>
<p>Main article: Microsoft litigation. European Committee for Interoperable Systems. March 31,  Archived PDF from the original on June 18,  Retrieved May 25,  The Register. Archived from the original on May 17,  Retrieved May 17,  CIO Updates. Archived from the original on February 8,  Retrieved January 29,  Archived from the original on August 31,  Retrieved August 31,  Archived from the original on September 20,  Retrieved September 19,  Archived from the original on September 15,  Archived from the original on September 18,  Windows Central.</p>
<p>September 16,  Azure Government. January 24,  Archived from the original on September 19,  The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 23,  Retrieved February 25,  Archived from the original on December 11,  Retrieved February 5,  Microsoft — Embrace, Extend, Extinguish". Dobb's Portal.</p>
<p>Archived from the original on December 12,  Archived from the original on January 28,  Archived from the original on June 16,  Retrieved June 6,  Groklaw News. Archived from the original on May 13,  Building Windows 8. Archived from the original on August 2,  Retrieved October 17,  PC World. Archived from the original on October 5,  Retrieved August 3,  The Verge. Archived from the original on March 13,  Archived from the original on July 25,  Ars Technica.</p>
<p>Archived from the original on April 9,  Archived from the original on April 5,  Retrieved May 28,  January 13,  Archived from the original on May 18,  Retrieved January 27,  Archived from the original on January 31,  Computer Notes. Archived from the original on March 23,  Retrieved March 23,  Archived from the original on October 3,  Retrieved August 10,  Archived from the original on October 6,  Archived from the original on February 14,  Retrieved January 30,  Linux: The Patent Tax".</p>
<p>April 16,  Archived from the original on July 15,  Archived from the original PDF on March 16,  Retrieved June 23,  Archived from the original on September 24,  Archived from the original PDF on June 25,  Retrieved April 13,  ISBN  Archived from the original on May 5,  Retrieved November 21,  Contrary to what some people believed at the time, SQL Server 6. Chris Pratley's OneNote Blog. Archived from the original on December 17,  I also detected another old saw about hidden advantages or undocumented APIs that somehow made Word better than competing apps.</p>
<p>The reality on this is so counter to the conspiracy it is astounding. The Office team barely talks to the Windows team. The Old New Thing. Archived from the original on March 16,  Retrieved September 18,  Archived from the original on April 26,  Retrieved June 1,  We repeat. Microsoft has signed up to the OIN". Archived from the original on October 11,  Port  July 6,  Archived from the original on May 23,  Retrieved July 7,  Under the Community Promise, Microsoft provides assurance that it will not assert its Necessary Claims against anyone who makes, uses, sells, offers for sale, imports, or distributes any Covered Implementation under any type of development or distribution model, including open-source licensing models such as the LGPL or GPL.</p>
<p>ZDNet Asia. Canonical Ltd. It is common practice in the software industry to register patents as protection against litigation, rather than as an intent to litigate. Thus mere existence of a patent, without a claim of infringement, is not sufficient reason to warrant exclusion from the Ubuntu Project.</p>
<p>June 12,  Retrieved July 4,  Los Angeles Times. April 9,  Archived from the original on August 4,  France  October 28,  Archived from the original on July 1,  China Daily. Archived from the original on February 15,  Best Price Computers Ltd. February  Archived from the original on March 18,  September 27,  Archived from the original on July 22,  Retrieved December 30,  November 28,  Archived from the original on August 10,  October 23,  Archived from the original on July 13,  Retrieved January 4,  Archived from the original on December 2,  Retrieved December 28,  It provides the best user experience from the time a consumer first turns on the PC and saves consumers the substantial effort and resources associated with having to install an operating system that functions properly' Archived from the original on July 23,  Archived from the original on January 22,  Retrieved June 14,  Archived from the original on January 9,  Microsoft: Court's Findings of Fact".</p>
<p>Archived from the original on August 11,  Archived from the original on September 6,  Retrieved August 27,  Archived PDF from the original on March 11,  September 22,  Archived from the original on April 6,  Archived from the original on July 20,  Archived from the original on October 16,  Archived PDF from the original on February 15,  November 15,  Archived from the original on October 4,  May 11,  Archived from the original on December 24,  September 24,  Archived from the original PDF on March 25,  Archived from the original on May 2,  The Seattle Times.</p>
<p>Archived from the original on June 29,  Retrieved September 27,  June 18,  Retrieved October 14,  Financial Times. Retrieved June 9,  June 7,  Archived from the original on December 6,  The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 14,  Retrieved August 22,  Archived from the original on December 8,  Retrieved December 3,  Business Week.</p>
<p>Archived from the original on January 18,  Retrieved November 8,  The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22,  Independent Institute. ISSN  Retrieved May 30,  Archived from the original on May 30,  The Independent.</p>
<p>Archived from the original on April 25,  Retrieved April 24,  December 6,  Advertising Standards Authority. Archived from the original on January 29,  Retrieved March 31,  IT Business Edge.</p>
<p>Archived from the original on November 26,  Archived from the original on November 3,  NBC News. Archived from the original on December 5,  BBC News. August 26,</p>
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<p>Open source software OSS is computer software that is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its source code to anyone and for any purpose. Open source software is a prominent example of open collaboration , meaning any capable user is able to participate online in development, making the number of possible contributors indefinite.</p>
<p>The ability to examine the code facilitates public trust in the software. Open source software development can bring in diverse perspectives beyond those of a single company. Open source code can be used for studying and allows capable end users to adapt software to their personal needs in a similar way user scripts and custom style sheets allow for web sites, and eventually publish the modification as a fork for users with similar preferences, and directly submit possible improvements as pull requests.</p>
<p>In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other and evolve the field of computing. For example, Unix included the operating system source code for users. Eventually, the open source notion moved to the wayside of commercialization of software in the years — However, academics still often developed software collaboratively. The paper received significant attention in early , and was one factor in motivating Netscape Communications Corporation to release their popular Netscape Communicator Internet suite as free software.</p>
<p>Netscape's act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundation 's free software ideas and perceived benefits to the commercial software industry. They concluded that FSF's social activism was not appealing to companies like Netscape, and looked for a way to rebrand the free software movement to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February to encourage use of the new term and evangelize open source principles.</p>
<p>While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's source code.</p>
<p>Microsoft executive Jim Allchin publicly stated in that "open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I can't imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business and the intellectual-property business. IBM, Oracle, Google, and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in today's competitive open source market.</p>
<p>There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS. The free-software movement was launched in  In , a group of individuals advocated that the term free software should be replaced by open source software OSS as an expression which is less ambiguous [12] [13] [14] and more comfortable for the corporate world.</p>
<p>With open source software, generally, anyone is allowed to create modifications of it, port it to new operating systems and instruction set architectures , share it with others or, in some cases, market it. Scholars Casson and Ryan have pointed out several policy-based reasons for adoption of open source — in particular, the heightened value proposition from open source when compared to most proprietary formats in the following categories:.</p>
<p>The Open Source Definition presents an open source philosophy and further defines the terms of use, modification and redistribution of open source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by copyright law to the copyright holder.</p>
<p>Several open source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition. The most prominent and popular example is the GNU General Public License GPL , which "allows free distribution under the condition that further developments and applications are put under the same licence", thus also free. The open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7, , in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscape's January announcement of a source code release for Navigator as Mozilla.</p>
<p>Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet , since , started the open source movement, while others do not distinguish between open source and free software movements. The Free Software Foundation FSF , started in , intended the word "free" to mean freedom to distribute or "free as in free speech" and not freedom from cost or "free as in free beer". Since a great deal of free software already was and still is free of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-commercial.</p>
<p>With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed software development versus open development already provided by the Internet developer community, the OSI presented the "open source" case to commercial businesses, like Netscape.</p>
<p>The OSI hoped that the use of the label "open source", a term suggested by Christine Peterson [7] [20] of the Foresight Institute at the strategy session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free software" as anti-commercial. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to register "open source" as a service mark for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical by trademark standards.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, due to the presentation of Raymond's paper to the upper management at Netscape—Raymond only discovered when he read the press release , [21] and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale 's PA later in the day—Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favorable results. The Open Source Initiative 's OSI definition is recognized by several governments internationally [23] as the standard or de facto definition.</p>
<p>The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines , written and adapted primarily by Perens. Under Perens' definition, open source is a broad software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent restrictions on the use and modification of the code. It is an explicit "feature" of open source that it puts very few restrictions on the use or distribution by any organization or user, in order to enable the rapid evolution of the software.</p>
<p>Despite initially accepting it, [31] Richard Stallman of the FSF now flatly opposes the term "Open Source" being applied to what they refer to as "free software". Although he agrees that the two terms describe "almost the same category of software", Stallman considers equating the terms incorrect and misleading.</p>
<p>When an author contributes code to an open source project e. Some open source projects do not take contributed code under a license, but actually require joint assignment of the author's copyright in order to accept code contributions into the project. The proliferation of open source licenses is a negative aspect of the open source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal implications of the differences between licenses.</p>
<p>With more than , open source projects available and more than unique licenses, the complexity of deciding how to manage open source use within "closed-source" commercial enterprises has dramatically increased.</p>
<p>In view of this, open source practitioners are starting to use classification schemes in which FOSS licenses are grouped typically based on the existence and obligations imposed by the copyleft provision; the strength of the copyleft provision.</p>
<p>As a result, if end-users violate the licensing conditions, their license disappears, meaning they are infringing copyright. Certification can help to build user confidence. Certification could be applied to the simplest component, to a whole software system.</p>
<p>This project aims to build a desktop interface that every end-user is able to understand and interact with, thus crossing the language and cultural barriers. The project would improve developing nations' access to information systems. Raymond suggests a model for developing OSS known as the bazaar model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation".</p>
<p>In the traditional model of development, which he called the cathedral model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing the architects , people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the cathedral model. The bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Gregorio Robles [42] suggests that software developed using the bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:.</p>
<p>Data suggests, however, that OSS is not quite as democratic as the bazaar model suggests. The average number of authors involved in a project was 5. Additionally, the availability of an open source implementation of a standard can increase adoption of that standard. Moreover, lower costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS. It is a good tool to promote a company's image, including its commercial products. In France for instance, a policy that incentivized government to favor free open source software increased to nearly , OSS contributions per year, generating social value by increasing the quantity and quality of open source software.</p>
<p>It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. Open source is not dependent on the company or author that originally created it. Even if the company fails, the code continues to exist and be developed by its users. Also, it uses open standards accessible to everyone; thus, it does not have the problem of incompatible formats that may exist in proprietary software.</p>
<p>It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal goals speeds up innovation. Moreover, free software can be developed in accordance with purely technical requirements. It does not require thinking about commercial pressure that often degrades the quality of the software.</p>
<p>Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer. It is sometimes said that the open source development process may not be well defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and documentation may be ignored.</p>
<p>However this is only true for small mostly single programmer projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some rules as they need them to make the teamwork possible. Consequently, only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market. It depends on control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations.</p>
<p>In OSS development, tools are used to support the development of the product and the development process itself. Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System CVS and later Subversion SVN and Git are examples of tools, often themselves open source, help manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project.</p>
<p>Tools such as mailing lists and IRC provide means of coordination among developers. New organizations tend to have a more sophisticated governance model and their membership is often formed by legal entity members. Open Source Software Institute is a membership-based, non-profit c 6 organization established in that promotes the development and implementation of open source software solutions within US Federal, state and local government agencies.</p>
<p>OSSI's efforts have focused on promoting adoption of open source software programs and policies within Federal Government and Defense and Homeland Security communities. Open Source for America is a group created to raise awareness in the United States Federal Government about the benefits of open source software. Their stated goals are to encourage the government's use of open source software, participation in open source software projects, and incorporation of open source community dynamics to increase government transparency.</p>
<p>Companies whose business centers on the development of open-source software employ a variety of business models to solve the challenge of how to make money providing software that is by definition licensed free of charge. Each of these business strategies rests on the premise that users of open-source technologies are willing to purchase additional software features under proprietary licenses, or purchase other services or elements of value that complement the open-source software that is core to the business.</p>
<p>This additional value can be, but not limited to, enterprise-grade features and up-time guarantees often via a service-level agreement to satisfy business or compliance requirements, performance and efficiency gains by features not yet available in the open source version, legal protection e. The debate over open source vs. The top four reasons as provided by Open Source Business Conference survey [64] individuals or organizations choose open source software are:.</p>
<p>Since innovative companies no longer rely heavily on software sales, proprietary software has become less of a necessity. Further, companies like Novell who traditionally sold software the old-fashioned way continually debate the benefits of switching to open source availability, having already switched part of the product offering to open source code. With this market shift, more critical systems are beginning to rely on open source offerings, [69] allowing greater funding such as US Department of Homeland Security grants [69] to help "hunt for security bugs.</p>
<p>Proprietary source distributors have started to develop and contribute to the open source community due to the market share shift, doing so by the need to reinvent their models in order to remain competitive. Many advocates argue that open source software is inherently safer because any person can view, edit, and change code.</p>
<p>According to the Free software movement 's leader, Richard Stallman , the main difference is that by choosing one term over the other i.</p>
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